Over the years, while certain modifications and upgrades of WWTPs have been made periodically to the existing infrastructure, the underlying design and principles remain almost the same. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) today have become an integral part of a community’s infrastructure that are capable of handling the constantly varying quantities and concentration of wastewater produced daily. This is followed by sections emphasizing the environmental and economic implications of these technologies, and their corresponding products in context of the broader fields of waste-to-energy, nutrient recycling and the progress towards a circular economy. This paper summarizes the results of prominent studies for valorizing wastewater sludge through thermochemical conversion technologies while drawing inferences and identifying relationships between different technical and operating parameters involved. ![]() Wastewater sludge, with its high organic content and fairly constant supply, provides a great opportunity to implement some of these strategies using thermochemical conversion technologies, which are considered as one of the alternatives for upcycling such waste streams. However, with the current emphasis on the reduction of emissions, nutrient recovery, clean energy production and circular economy, it is important to revisit some of the conventional methods of treating these wastes and tap into their largely unrealized potential in terms of environmental and economic benefits. Currently, most organic solid wastes are either land applied or sent to landfills, with the remaining fraction incinerated or anaerobically digested. As a consequence, the rate of waste generation and resultant pollution levels have risen drastically. ![]() ![]() With the rapid rise in global population over the past decades, there has been a corresponding surge in demand for resources such as food and energy.
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